The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious cup on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the French league winners and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
However, the southern French side fired two times late to seize a surprise advantage. First, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the final moments to force the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the hero, stopping decisive kicks from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and the young talent all converted successfully for PSG to complete a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the last thirteen years.